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On the influence of two-dimensional hump roughness on laminar-turbulent transition

The presence of large surface irregularities such as humps, where the height is similar to the local boundary-layer (BL) displacement thickness, introduces regions of localized strong streamwise gradients in the base flow quantities. These large gradients can significantly modify the spatial development of incoming disturbances that lead to laminar–turbulent transition in wall-bounded flows.

Path Routing Optimization for STM Ultrasound Rendering

Ultrasound transducer arrays are capable of producing tactile sensations on the hand, promising hands-free haptic interaction for virtual environments. However, controlling such an array with respect to reproducing a desired perceived interaction remains a challenging problem.